黑竹缘蝽在贵州的发生及生物学特性

黑竹缘蝽Notobitus meleagris(Fabricius)属半翅目缘蝽科。国内分布于浙江、福建、广东、广西、江西、四川、云南、贵州、台湾等省区。近2年发现在贵州严重发生。黑竹缘蝽在贵州铜仁1年发生2代,10月中旬以成虫在石缝、树洞及皮缝、柴垛等干燥而隐蔽的场所越冬,翌年4月中下旬开始活动,经补充营养后交配、产卵。每雌虫产卵1～2块,卵期4～7d,以若虫、成虫刺吸慈竹竹笋汁液,使竹子生长衰弱,严重时造成竹笋枯死。提出黑竹缘蝽有效的防治措施,并从天敌的利用方面进行探讨。     

氮钾对慈竹纤维素和木质素动态积累的调控效应

以慈竹为材料,通过施用不同比例的氮、钾肥,研究其对慈竹木质素和纤维素分布和动态积累的调控效应,为慈竹优质栽培提供理论依据。研究结果表明,氮钾肥处理并没有改变木质素和纤维素动态积累趋势,不同处理的慈竹木质素的动态积累呈先上升后下降的趋势,而纤维素的动态积累呈上升的趋势;慈竹不同部位木质素和纤维素的分布呈下部＞中部＞上部的趋势。施用氮、钾肥可以降低慈竹木质素含量,降低幅度为1.05%~3.97%,提高纤维素含量,提高幅度为1.25%～3.36%。N、K肥和时间对慈竹木质素和纤维素含量总变异的贡献都是N×K＞N＞TIME＞K＞N×K×TIME＞N×TIME＞K×TIME。慈竹纤维素和木质素含量之间呈不明显的正相关关系（r=0.020 4）。     

Conservation genetics of peripheral populations of the mygalomorph spider Atypus affinis (Atypidae) in northern Europe

Genetic diversity and differentiation were studied in peripheral populations of the recently rediscovered purse-web spider Atypus affinis in Denmark and Sweden using allozyme electrophoresis. Because of the very narrow environmental niche exploited by this species, only a limited number of potential habitats are available. Furthermore, fragmentation has reduced the number and size of potential habitats within the last century. The level of genetic diversity in A. affinis was intermediate compared with other nonsocial spiders, but low compared with invertebrates in general. Significant genetic differentiation was found within distances of only 1-10 km with FST estimates ranging from 0.020 to 0.075. Within distances of 30-60 km FST ranged from 0.081 to 0.312. Hierarchical FST revealed that genetic variability was partitioned at 89.8% within populations, 9.5% among populations within regions and only 0.7% among the four main regions in Denmark and Sweden. Comparing the result of the genetic analysis with the life history of A. affinis, it is concluded that the level of successful dispersal is low, and that the species has not recently reinvaded northern Europe but prevailed undiscovered for several decades. Finally, it is suggested that the genetic scenario found for A. affinis might represent that for a wide range of other arthropods with similar life history characteristics.     

Phonotaxis and aggression in the coneheaded katydid Neoconocephalus affinis

ABSTRACT. Positive phonotaxis to tape recorded conspecific song by males of the katydid Neoconocephalus affinis (Beauvois) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) was studied in the field, in Puerto Rico. N.affinis males stridulated loudly during evening hours, and most males were territorial. Aggression between neighbours occurred, albeit rarely, and playback experiments using tape recordings of N.affinis song showed that aggressive behaviour, in the form of jumps directed toward a loudspeaker, could be elicited from a male by song broadcast above a threshold sound intensity. Response thresholds for different males varied from 76 to 93 dB, intensities that corresponded to calculated inter-neighbour distances of 1.6-0.26 m, respectively. Insects that had lower response thresholds were on average more isolated from neighbours and also stridulated more persistently and at a higher sound intensity than insects with higher response thresholds. N.affinis males displayed no phonotaxis toward the song of Neoconocephalus maxillosus , a sympatric species whose song is similar to that of N.affinis in principal frequency but differs in wingstroke rate. Phonotaxis toward conspecific song could only be elicited from males while they were silent.     

大亚湾两种重要经济虾类热效应

中国第1座大型核电站位于广东省大亚湾西侧,第1期工程于1994年初并网发电,第2期工程于2003年5月正式投产,总装机容量为4000MW,经冷却系统排人大亚湾的热废水达200m^3／s。核电站温排水的生态热效应问题引起人们普遍关注。针对这一问题进行了大亚湾海区斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)和近缘新对虾(Metapenaeus affinis)两种重要经济虾类的高温热效应试验研究,测试了多项重要温度指标基准值。结果表明,斑节对虾和近缘新对虾的适宜生长温度范围均为29～35℃,最适生长温度(OGT)均为33℃;在不同的驯化温度下,斑节对虾和近缘新对虾的起始致死温度(ILT50)分别为37．5～38．1℃和38．9～39．3℃;最高起始致死温度(UILT50)分别为38．1℃和39．3℃;临界热最大值(CTM)分别为42．72～43．60℃和41．58～43．90℃;生长的最高周平均温度(MWAT)分别为34．7℃和35．1℃;短期暴露最高温度(MTSTE)分别为37．12和37．89℃;在不同驯化温度下,斑节对虾主动趋向选择的最适温度为26．4～32．5℃,近缘新对虾为30．7～33．1℃;起始致死温度、临界热最大值和选择的最适温度等与驯化温度呈正相关关系。随着驯化温度提高,其数值也增大,并逐渐趋向某一恒定的温度值。根据斑节对虾和近缘新对虾的热效应研究结果,结合这两种虾类的生态习性和大亚湾核电站温排水温度场的卫星遥感监测资料,探讨了大亚湾核电站温排水对2种虾类资源的热效应问题。研究结果显示,核电站温排水形成的温度场绝大部分的温升不超过4℃,温度场水域的温度变化基本上都低于这2种对虾的生存安全温度。处于它们的最适生长温度范围内,温排水对大亚湾海区的斑节对虾和近缘新对虾资源热影响甚微。     

Cyclic peptides from Oldenlandia affinis DC. Molecular and biological properties

A new isolation procedure for Kalata polypeptides from the tropical plant Oldenlandia affinis DC is described. Fractions were screened by thin-layer chromatography, and Van Urk positive fractions were tested for oxytocic activity in estrogenized rat uteri. By using this procedure, we were able to isolate and characterize three macrocyclic polypeptides with uterine activity. Their amino acid sequence and biological effects have been analyzed, and their NMR spectra were compared with those of the earlier ones. All three peptides showed hemolytic activity on human blood, and were tested for antibiotic effect against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Hemophilus influenzae.     

竹横锥大象对寄主及虫体挥发物的行为和触角电位反应

为了探明竹横锥大象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guerin-Meneville是否存在两性间的引诱作用,以及寄主植物慈竹Neosinocalamus affinis笋对两性行为的影响,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了竹横锥大象雌、雄成虫对4种虫体及寄主挥发物不同处理（雌、雄成虫,慈竹笋与雌、雄成虫的复合体）的行为反应,测定了触角不同部位对雌雄成虫3种虫体的提取物（整体、鞘翅、后肠）及其与寄主植物挥发物质联合作用的触角电位反应（EAG）。结果表明：雌成虫挥发物对雄虫有较高的引诱活性,对雌虫有驱避作用;雄成虫挥发物对雌虫有一定的引诱作用。雌、雄成虫对虫体与竹笋复合体气味的行为和电生理反应均显著或极显著高于对相应虫体挥发物的反应。经EAG测定,触角各部位对虫体不同部位挥发物的EAG值差异明显,触角端部对虫体与植物挥发性物质的联合作用EAG反应差异极其显著（P＜0.01）。竹横锥大象对沾染雌雄成虫虫体提取物的玻璃棒有一定的兴奋表现,雌虫兴奋率为6.67%,雄虫为26.67%。结果提示,竹横锥大象种内存在信息素,雌虫释放的信息素对同类雄虫有很强的引诱作用,而雄虫所释放的信息素对同类雌虫有引诱作用,添加寄主植物能够增强两性间的引诱效果。     

Phenotypic variation among populations of Atherinops affinis(Atherinopsidae) with insights from a geometric morphometric analysis

Morphological character variation was examined in Atherinops affinis , a temperate marine silverside with a broad geographic range and presumed limited powers of dispersal. Populations of this species were sampled from three California mainland sites, one Channel Island site and one site in the upper Gulf of California. A geometric morphometric analysis yielded higher resolution in the assessment of phenotypic divergence among the four Pacific coast populations than either body measurement or meristic analysis, and it showed that most of the shape variation among these populations occurs in the head region and body depth of the fish. All three analyses supported the hypothesis that populations of A. affinis from central and southern California coastal waters and from Santa Catalina Island are morphologically distinct from each other; the Santa Catalina Island population was found to be the most divergent. On the basis of meristic characters alone, the population of A. affinis from the upper Gulf of California was different from A. affinis populations along the Pacific coast of California. The analyses revealed variation in several morphological characters, e.g . body depth and meristics, known to vary in association with environmental conditions. Given that A. affinis appears to have low among‐population genetic variation, this species may be phenotypically plastic in response to the environmental conditions of the habitat of each population.     

慈竹构件和分株水平总黄酮含量的变化

黄酮类化合物是植物体内重要的次生代谢物质之一。本文采用AlCl3 比色法测定了慈竹构件和分株水平总黄酮含量的变化 ,以探讨其生理生态适应性。结果表明 ,在地上 3个构件中 ,叶的总黄酮含量显著大于枝和秆 ;1龄分株叶的总黄酮含量显著大于其它 4个龄级 ,而枝和秆的含量在 5个年龄间无显著差异 ;分株上层叶和枝条的总黄酮含量显著多于中下两层的相应构件。叶龄对慈竹叶总黄酮含量有显著的影响 ,1龄、 7龄和 9龄叶片的总黄酮含量明显高于其它 6个龄级 ,但是叶龄和总黄酮含量之间无显著线性相关。同时 ,叶总黄酮含量对季节的变化敏感 ,2、 4和 12月含量最高 ,5月和 8月含量最低。在分株水平 ,1龄分株的总黄酮含量显著大于其它 4个龄级。这些结果说明慈竹的总黄酮含量对环境变化具有可塑性 ,分株水平与叶构件水平总黄酮含量对分株年龄的反应格恐相同。     

The radiation of the Seicercus burkii complex and its congeners (Aves: Sylviidae): molecular genetics and bioacoustics

Cryptic species of passerine birds lack notable morphological differentiation and can best be identified by molecular and bioacoustic markers. Here we investigate seven cryptic species of the golden-spectacled warbler (Seicercus burkii complex) with respect to territorial song and cytochrome-b (cyt-b) sequences. Their phylogenetic relations to other Seicercus species and to members of the genus Phylloscopus are inferred by the same methods. Three separate lineages of Seicercus are nested within different branches of the molecular Phylloscopus tree. The S. burkii complex is a monophyletic unit comprising seven species (S. burkii s. str., S. whistleri, S. valentini, S. soror, S. omeiensis, S. tephrocephalus and S. affinis). S. xanthoschistos turned out to be a close relative of Phylloscopus davisoni within the P. reguloides group. Two isolated sister taxa, S. grammiceps and S. castaniceps, also branch together with the P. reguloides group. Within the S. burkii complex the overall haplotype and nucleotide diversity is highest in taxa from the Chinese middle and upper mountain belt (S. valentini, S. omeiensis and S. soror), indicating at least partially restricted gene flow in these species. This is explained by the fragmentation of high-altitude habitats in China while in the Himalayas the vicariant species S. whistleri inhabits a more continuous mountain belt at the same altitude. For the Chinese species from medium and high altitudes, past range expansion is indicated by significantly negative Tajima Ds. According to pairwise genetic distances, most species of the S. burkii complex have diverged 5 myr ago, the most recent split between S. burkii and S. tephrocephalus is dated 2 myr ago. Coalescence times for haplotype lineages of the different species range from 9 up to 12 myr, and between 5 and 6 myr for S. burkii and S. tephrocephalus.

Within Seicercus divergence of song features such as frequency parameters and syntax structures correlate with genetic distances between taxa. The three cyt-b lineages of Seicercus correspond to different clusters in a discriminant analysis by acoustic parameters. Common syntax structures of territorial song in the Phylloscopus/Seicercus assemblage are: (1) an introductory element derived from specific calls and (2) a syntax of trills and repeated element groups or a combination of both. There are clear indications that these song structures have repeatedly emerged, were lost or were altered in different branches of the phylogenetic tree at different times. Absolute differences between taxa in frequency parameters or in an acoustic divergence index increase significantly with growing genetic distances. However, due to multiple parallel evolution phylogenetic information provided by single acoustic traits decreases with increasing numbers of taxa involved in the investigation.